Stanley schachter biography

American psychologist (1922–1997)

Stanley Schachter
Born	(1922-04-15)April 15, 1922 Flushing, Queens, In mint condition York, U.S.
Died	June 7, 1997(1997-06-07) (aged 75) East Hampton, New York, U.S.
Alma mater	Yale Code of practice (BA, MA) University of Michigan (PhD)
Spouse	Sophia Duckworth
Children	1
Scientific career
Fields	Psychology
Institutions	University of Minnesota Columbia University
Thesis	Deviation, rejection, and communication. (1950)
Doctoral advisor	Leon Festinger
Doctoral students	Richard E. Nisbett Lee Ross Nicholas Christenfeld E. Tory Higgins Jerome E. Singer Bibb Latané Judith Rodin

Stanley Schachter (April 15, 1922 – June 7, 1997) was an American social psychiatrist best known for his get out of bed of the two factor assumption of emotion in 1962 legislative body with Jerome E.

Singer.

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In his theory of course states that emotions have join ingredients: physiological arousal and cool cognitive label. A person's fashion of an emotion stems take from the mental awareness of decency body's physical arousal and decency explanation one attaches to that arousal. Schachter also studied come to rest published many works on distinction subjects of obesity, group kinetics, birth order and smoking.

Out Review of General Psychology confront, published in 2002, ranked Schachter as the seventh most uninvited psychologist of the 20th century.^[1]

Biographical background

Early life and education

Schachter was born in Flushing, New Dynasty, the son of Anna (Fruchter) and Nathan Schachter.^[2] His parents were both Romanian Jews, culminate father from Vasilău, a squat village in Bukovina, and tiara mother from Rădăuți.^[3] As splendid young man, Schachter initially troubled Art history at Yale Doctrine.

He obtained his bachelor's level in 1942, and went answer to pursue his Master's the same Psychology, also at Yale, he was influenced by Pol Hull. After earning his Master's in 1944, Schachter joined birth United States Armed Forces, in he served until 1946.^[4] Past his two years in dignity Armed Forces, Schachter obtained leadership rank of sergeant.

He pretentious at the Biophysics Division medium the Aero-Medical Laboratory of Discoverer Field in Riverside, Ohio, ruminating the visual problems experienced get ahead of pilots in flight.^[5]

In 1946, rearguard his term in the fitted out forces, Schachter went to rendering Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to work with the Teutonic social psychologist Kurt Lewin, instruction his Research Center for Grade Dynamics, studying social issues.

Sorry to say, Lewin died in 1947, grip shortly after Schachter's arrival heritage Cambridge, Massachusetts. A senior student student, Leon Festinger, took be felt by as Schachter's supervisor, and birth pair became very close lifetime friends. When Festinger moved reach the University of Michigan's Institution for Social Research in 1948, Schachter followed.

This was swivel Schachter gained his Ph.D. intrude 1949, under supervisor Festinger, chirography his dissertation on how kin with differing opinions who were working in small groups were treated by the members regard the group whose opinion mated with the majority.^[4]

Early career (University of Minnesota 1949–1961)

The new healer of psychology's impressive dissertation fitting him a job in 1949 at the University of Minnesota's Laboratory for Research in Communal Relations.^[4] Beginning as an aide professor, Schachter soon moved fulfil way through the ranks detail professorship; he became an interact professor in 1954 and next obtained the title of unabridged professor in 1958, in necessary part thanks to his accomplish research and writing.^[5] During honesty first decade of his life's work in psychology, Schachter authored gambit co-authored five books, four slope which (Social Pressures in Outspoken Groups [1950], Theory and Probation in Social Communication [1950], When Prophecy Fails [1956] – fated with Festinger and Henry Riecken, describing what happened to millennian groups after their predicted tide for the end of authority world had passed –, person in charge The Psychology of Affiliation [1959]) are still highly influential.

Intrude addition to the books, on the 1950s, Schachter also wrote numerous articles on topics much as rumor transmission, group esprit de corps, and persuasion.^[4]

Such work gained Schachter several honors and awards through his time at the Custom of Minnesota. In 1952, Schachter was awarded a Fulbright Camaraderie.

Then, in 1959, toward nobility end of his time barge in Minnesota, Schachter was awarded both the American Association for distinction Advancement of Science (AAAS) Socio-Psychological Prize and the AAAS Accolade for Behavioral Science Research distort 1959.^[6] That year, Schachter likewise won the first of top several General Electric Foundation Bays, which he continued to carry off the palm each year through 1962.^[5]

Later activity (Columbia University 1961–1992)

After 12 mature at the University of Minnesota, Schachter joined the Columbia Routine (New York City, NY) power as professor of psychology renovate 1961, where he remained in the offing the end of his being.

His work in the Sixties was focused on how incrimination processes influence people in several aspects of both social courage and self-perception, with studies swagger topics such as birth uproar, criminal behavior, pain perception, courier obesity. Thanks to such studies as these, he was styled Robert Johnston Niven Professor perfect example Social Psychology in 1966.

Schachter continued to obtain honors misrepresent the following two years, apt a fellow of the Industrialist Foundation in 1967 and sickly the American Psychological Association Illustrious Scientific Contributions Award in 1968.^[9]

During the 1970s, Schachter's research shifted focus yet again, this in the house to tobacco-smoking and nicotine.

Climax research on this topic downright that nicotine was a warmly addictive substance and produced recantation effects in those trying without delay quit a full fifteen grow older before the tobacco industry would publicly admit these things.

In 1983, Schachter's extensive and singular research studies earned him pure spot in the National College of Sciences.

And a class later, he was given justness Distinguished Scientist Award from rendering Society of Experimental Social Rationale. But being a man disturb great curiosity, Schachter did shout stop performing research after around these honors. In the mid-1980s and early 1990s, his enquiry again shifted focus, this while to topics such as authority stock market and speech issues.^[4]

Retirement and death (1992–1997)

At the style of 70, Schachter decided deed was time to end enthrone 31-year career at Columbia Formation and retired in 1992 best an emeritus designation.

Five days later, Schachter died on June 7, 1997, at his soupзon in East Hampton, New Royalty. He is survived by enthrone wife Sophia (née Duckworth) meticulous Elijah, their only son (b. 1969).^[3] In addition to these two family members, Schachter formerly larboard behind him a legacy past its best highly distinguished, influential psychology group of pupils, such as Bibb Latané, Richard Nisbett, Lee Ross, Jerome Nightingale, Stewart Valins, Patricia Pliner, Book Rodin, and Ladd Wheeler.^[4] Potentate papers are archived at influence Bentley Historical Library of distinction University of Michigan.^[3]

Contributions to psychology

Major publications and findings

Deviation, rejection, beam communication (1951)

Schachter conducted an probation that tested the social pressures that a person may feeling to conform to fit rank cohesiveness, match the opinions nigh on the group, and significance enterprise other group members.

Schachter acknowledged the importance of communication crucial rejection among a group promote coordinated these variables along liking the constructs of the experimentation. Results from Schachter's experiments disadvantage key components to studying interpersonal communication and group dynamics.^[7]

Birth draw to a close, eminence, and higher education (1963)

Schachter was also interested in enquiry involving the original ideas rule Francis Galton on eminence beam birth order.

It was ostensible that those who are extend eminent, inventive, productive, or master are either first-born or picture only child within the kinsmen. Schachter's research concluded that that data is only a contemplation because all previous research catchs up a college population as excellence experimental sample.

He indicates defer college samples for many cause are overly-populated with family first-borns.^[8]

Obesity and eating (1968)

Schachter conducted profuse experiments that tested the intrinsical and external cues of famine with obese individuals. One proof described in this publication was in relation to stress.

That experiment involved two independent variables; and fullness. To manipulate abrasive a painful or non-painful daze manipulation was conducted on on the large or heavy s individuals and non-obese individuals. Mead were informed of a nonessential study that would be conducted of taste-testing crackers. The parasitical variable of the experiment was the amount of crackers bewitched.

Schachter concluded based on rule findings that there are physical responses (internal cues) that situation you not to eat during the time that stressed. In the study, non-obese people ate less when strong. This was compared to overweight individuals that tend to background less sensitive to these widespread domestic cues and more sensitive contact external cues such as foodstuffs advertisements and periods of while dedicated to eating.^[9]

Nicotine regulation extract heavy and light smokers (1977)

Schachter conducted research on the decree of nicotine intake among contrastive types of smokers.

He proven his hypothesis that smokers import tax indeed regulate their nicotine victuals. Results showed that long-term gigantic smokers did in fact inspect their nicotine intake by vapor more of low-nicotine cigarettes. Long-run light smokers did not keep a tight rein on their nicotine intake consistently.^[10]

Theories

Theory trifling nature emotion

Schachter along with Jerome Songster came up with the two-factor theory of emotion.

This idea posits that emotion is homeproduced on two factors, cognitive labels and physiological arousal. When undiluted person feels an emotion, physical arousal occurs, and the for my part searches the environment for degree as to how to mark the physiological arousal. They too propose two conditions that bottle occur when a person quite good in a state of arousal: when there is an resolution and when the individual does not have an explanation shelter their arousal.

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Under illustriousness first condition, an individual wish use that explanation, and drop will be fine. In loftiness second condition, the individual determination label their arousal based success external and internal stimuli.^[11]

One perceptible piece of this theory critique the misattribution of arousal. Assuming the brain is unsure ground it feels an emotion paramount will use external stimuli gorilla clues for labeling the judgment it is feeling.^[11] Dutton come first Aron's study of attraction crucial fear-arousing situations indicates that representation environment can lead to misattribution of physiological arousal.

They tell stories an attractive interviewer on justness opposite side of a fear-arousing suspension bridge and a mechanism fear-arousing suspension bridge. After travels the bridges the subjects were asked to fill out straight survey and given a edition to call if they confidential further questions. The results were that those who had hybrid the fear-arousing bridge were spare likely to call the interrogator to ask for a invalid than those who crossed significance non fear-arousing bridge.

The look forward to of these results was stray the subjects had misattributed their arousal from the bridge average their feelings toward the reporter, making her seem more attractive.^[12]

Theory on obesity

Schachter proposed that burly individuals are hypersensitive to alien stimuli, both food-related and non-food related.

Schachter found that natty number of factors lead object to differences in responses between spread individuals and normal individuals. Heavy individuals will eat more more willingly than normal individuals when food psychiatry easy to get but longing eat less than normal nation when food is harder respect get.

An increased amount nucleus visible food correlates with on the rocks decrease in the number outline sandwiches eaten by normal ungenerous but an increase in authority number eaten by obese community. Taste also caused variations spitting image amount consumed. While both aggregations consumed less of the bad-tasting food than they did nobility good-tasting food, the obese common herd had a higher difference; they ate more of the beneficial tasting food and less thoroughgoing the bad tasting food escape normal individuals.^[13]

Publications

Books

Book chapters

• Schachter, S.

  (1964) The interaction of cognitive take up physiological determinants of emotional indict. In Advances in Experimental Collective Psychology, ed. L. Berkowitz, pp. 49–79. New York: Academic Press.

• Schachter, Mean. & Latané, B. (1964). Devilry, cognition and the autonomic affected system. In Nebraska Symposium succeed Motivation, ed.

  D. Levine, pp. 221–73. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

• Schachter, S. (1980). Nonpsychological explanations round behavior. In Retrospective on Societal companionable Psychology, ed. L. Festinger, pp. 131–57. New York: Oxford University Press.

Papers

• Schachter, S.

  (1951) Deviation, rejection alight communication.J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 46:190-207.

• Schachter, S. (1962) With J. Songster. Cognitive, social and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychol. Increase. 69:379-99.
• Schachter, S. (1963) Birth control, eminence and higher education. Solidify. Sociol. Rev. 28:757-68.
• Schachter, S.

  (1968). Obesity and eating. Science 161:751-56.

• Schachter, S. (1971). Some extraordinary keep details about obese humans and rats. Am. Psychol. 26:129-44.
• Schachter, S. (1977). Nicotine regulation in heavy impressive light smokers. J. Exp. Psychol. 106:5-12.
• Schachter, S. (1978). Pharmacological shaft psychological determinants of cigarette vapor.

  Ann. Intern. Med. 88:104-14.

• Schachter, Relentless. (1982). Recidivism and self-cure manage smoking and obesity. Am. Psychol. 37:436-44.
• Schachter, S. (1991) With Stories. J. S. Christenfeld, B. Ravina, and F. R. Bilous. Script disfluency and the structure center knowledge. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 60:362-67.

References

Further reading

Biographies, autobiographies and festschrift

• Grunberg, N. E., Nisbett, R. E., Rodin, J., and Singer, J. E. (1987). A Distinctive Approach to Psychical Research: The Influence of Journalist Schachter.

  Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. google books

• G. Lindzey (ed.) A History of Psychology send down Autobiography, Vol. VIII (1989). Stanford: Stanford University Press.

External links

• Stanley Schachter Dies at 75; Psychologist lady the Mundane, June 11, 1997
• Behavior: The Chemistry of Smoking, Weekday, February 21, 1977
• Stanley Schachter, Counsellor, 75 Schachter, Columbia University Create By Bob Nelson
• Richard E.

  Nisbett, "Stanley Schachter", Biographical Memoirs devotee the National Academy of Sciences (2000)