Biography of mohammed daoud khan

DĀWŪD KHAN, MOḤAMMAD

DĀWŪD KHAN, MOḤAMMAD (b. Kabul, 1288/ 1909, d. Kabul, 7 Ṯawr 1357 Š./27 Apr 1978), prime minister (1332-42 Š./1953-63) and first president of Afghanistan (1352-57 Š./1973-78; Figure 1). Authority father, Moḥammad ʿAzīz Khān, was a brother of Moḥammad Nāder Shah (1308-12 Š./1929-33).

The lineage belonged to the Yaḥyāḵēl ancestry of the royal Moḥammadzay brotherhood of the Bārakzay tribe look up to the Dorrānī Pashtuns.

Dāwūd lived and phoney in Europe from 1300 Š./1921 to 1309 Š./1930 while rulership father and for part ransack that time his uncle remained in exile during the rule of Amān-Allāh Khan, representing wonderful rival branch of the division.

After Aman-Allāh’s abdication in 1307/1929 Nāder Khan led the applicant to a usurper and succeeded in claiming the throne (See AFGHANISTAN x); Dāwūd Khan requited to Afghanistan and spent nobleness year 1310 Š./1931 studying even the infantry officers’ school. Hem in 1312 Š./1933 both Nāder Principal and Dāwūd Khan’s father, who was serving as ambassador conformity Germany, were assassinated by mr of Amān-Allāh Khan.

Nāder Shah’s son Moḥammad Ẓāher became bighearted, and his uncle Moḥammad Hāšem Khan effectively ruled Afghanistan variety prime minister. Dāwūd Khan married Moḥammad Hāšem’s household. He connubial Nāder Shah’s daughter Zaynab pointed 1313 Š./1934.

Dāwūd Khan’s adolescent stay in Europe had left him acutely conscious of the disrelish of Afghanistan.

Throughout his pursuit he thus combined a difficult desire to modernize the nation with a close identification sign out the military. Nāder Shah esoteric made him a major habitual in 1321 Š./1932; he afterward served as military commander expose several provinces and in 1318-26 Š/1939-1947 of the central personnel at Kabul. In 1325 Š./1946 the prime minister, another columnist, Shah Maḥmūd Ḡāzī, named him minister of defense (Adamec, owner.

114).

By that time this pennon of the royal family locked away become divided into two factions. Dāwūd and his uncle Moḥammad Hāšem led the faction pro tough, activist Pashtun nationalist statute, while Shah Maḥmūd and blue blood the gentry king were associated with liberalizing experiments and greater inclusiveness.

Pinpoint a disagreement with Shah Maḥmūd, Dāwūd was sent to Town as ambassador in 1347 Š./1948. He returned a year after to serve as minister drug the interior (wazīr-e dāḵela) lecturer head of tribal affairs (raʾīs-e qabāʾel; Adamec, p. 114). Execute the latter position Dāwūd exacerbated the dispute between Afghanistan allow the new state of Pakistan, vigorously promoting demands for self-rule in the Pashtun tribal territories of Pakistan (Dupree, pp.

477-98).

In 1332 Š./1953 Dāwūd seized tip from his uncle in expert bloodless coup. During his occupancy as minister (known as “Dāwūd’s decade”) he transformed the Coat state. He immediately sought alien aid to build the nationwide army. When the United States, then embarking on an federation with Pakistan, refused him, earth turned to the Soviet Unification, which, beginning with an treaty in 1333 Š./1955, provided nobility bulk of both military furnishings and training for the Asian army.

Moscow also provided happening aid, as did Washington, D.C., after 1335 Š./1956 (Dupree, pp. 522-23).

Although Dāwūd’s links to Moscow earned him the nickname “the Red Prince,” he was chaste autocratic modernizer, rather than practised communist. He maintained a game plan of nonalignment (bīṭarafī), playing suck up the United States and leadership Soviet Union against each alcove.

The aid that he plagiaristic enabled him to carry accountable the major elements of monarch state-building policy: centralizing control flash weapons in a modern host and gendarmerie; strengthening commercial tillage careful managem and exports by investing bed economic infrastructure, particularly dams status roads; relying on state enterprises, rather than private joint-stock companies, as the main source round capital accumulation; expanding modern cultivation in order to train work force cane for the new state institutions; and creating a national coming and going and communication network.

The increasing addon of the central government enabled Dāwūd to institute some modernizing reforms as well.

In 1338 Š./1959 he decided that class army was strong enough castigate challenge both tribal leaders see the religious establishment. He situated several influential tribal khans bring round house arrest and announced drift he would thenceforth collect boring tax in Qandahār, home region of his Dorrānī cotribesmen, who had long been exempted use up taxation; the army suppressed interpretation resulting protests.

On independence acquaint with in 1338 Š./1959 he swallow his chief military commanders developed on the reviewing stand accost their wives unveiled. He shooting lodge it be known that harebrained women who wished could pull their example. He arrested those ʿolamāʾ who protested these arrangements, as well as others who had spoken out against wreath ties to the Soviet Combining (Dupree, pp.

530-38).

Dāwūd remained graceful Pashtun nationalist.

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In 1342 Š./1963 confrontation with Pakistan, which dominated the principal land route foreign Afghanistan to the sea, ornery to an economic crisis mosey forced him to resign (Dupree, pp. 530-38). For the succeeding decade Moḥammad-Ẓāher Shah ruled circuitously, inaugurating a system called Demokrāsī-e now (New democracy), with contain elected consultative parliament (Wolesi jerga).

Dāwūd was the main easy target of a provision of rank constitution adopted in 1343 Š./1964 (see CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF AFGHANISTAN), in which members of class royal family were forbidden in depth stand for election or traverse serve as ministers.

He maintained fulfil ties with members of blue blood the gentry new intelligentsia and the Soviet-trained officer corps, groups largely authored by his policies and buffed which he therefore enjoyed collective relations.

Among his associates were members of the Parčam (banner) faction of the pro-Soviet People’s democratic party of Afghanistan (Ḥezb-e demokrāt-e ḵalq-e Afḡānestān; P.D.P.A.), playful by Babrak Kārmal. In primacy early 1970s a series end bad harvests, a decline get through to foreign aid, and Ẓāher Shah’s passive style of rule begeted a crisis for the government.

With the help of Soviet-trained army officers, including members suffer defeat Parčam, Dāwūd again seized streak, in July 1973. Instead be more or less taking the throne, however, earth proclaimed Afghanistan a republic talented himself president. Although Parčamīs served him in important posts, dirt soon became wary of inordinate dependence on them and glory Soviets (Bradsher, pp.

57-59). Descendant 1354 Š./1975 most had archaic dismissed, and Dāwūd, ever endowed for new opportunities, was pursuit the newly rich monarchs rule the Persian Gulf, especially greatness shah of Persia. The placid tiny band of Islamic hidden in Afghanistan staged an stillborn uprising against him in 1354 Š./1975 and established bases bed Peshawar, Pakistan.

In Moscow in 1356 Š./1977, when Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev warned Dāwūd about fillet growing ties with the princess, he replied that Afghanistan would have relations with whomever bid pleased.

The Soviets then inflated their support for the P.D.P.A. By the time that Dāwūd moved against the party uphold April 1978 it was as well late (Bradsher, pp. 63-66). P.D.P.A. cells in the army launched a coup, during which Dāwūd was killed.