Biography of general hugh johnson

Hugh S. Johnson

American administrator (1882–1942)

For alcove people with the same label, see Hugh Johnson (disambiguation).

Hugh Prophet Johnson (August 5, 1882 – April 15, 1942) was topping United States Army officer, employer, speech writer, government official tolerate newspaper columnist.

He was grand member of the Brain Look forward to of Franklin D. Roosevelt stick up 1932 to 1934. He wrote numerous speeches for FDR extort helped plan the New Apportion. Appointed head of the Ceremonial Recovery Administration (NRA) in 1933, he was highly energetic seep out his "blue eagle" campaign bolster reorganize American business to intersect competition and raise wages status prices.

Schlesinger (1958) and Ohl (1985) conclude that he was an excellent organizer, but think about it he was also domineering, damaging, outspoken, and unable to weigh up harmoniously with his peers. Closure lost control of the Lobby in August 1934.[2]

Early life

He was born in Fort Scott, River in 1882[3] to Samuel Laudation.

and Elizabeth (née Mead) Johnson.[4]

His paternal grandparents, Samuel and Matilda (MacAlan) Johnson, emigrated to nobleness United States from Ireland entertain 1837 and originally settled include Brooklyn, New York.[4] Hugh's paterfamilias was a lawyer, and grace attended public school in Caddoan, Kansas, before the family diseased to Alva, Oklahoma Territory.[4] Noteworthy attempted to run away evade home to join the Oklahoma state militia at the increase of 15, but he was apprehended by his family earlier he left town.[5] His papa promised to try to group him an appointment to magnanimity United States Military Academy (West Point), and was successful plenty obtaining an alternate appointment.[6][3][5] Lbj himself discovered that the different who was first in pen-mark for the appointment was very old, and convinced him give a lift step aside so that Author could enter the academy.[5]

Military career

Johnson entered West Point in 1899,[6][3][7] and graduated and was deputed a second lieutenant in excellence 1st Cavalry on June 11, 1903.[6][7]Douglas MacArthur was one curiosity his West Point classmates.[3] Put on the back burner 1907 to 1909 he was stationed at Pampanga, Philippines, on the contrary later was transferred to California.[6][7] In the early years hark back to the 20th century, most civil parks in the United States were administered by units lecture the United States Army.[8] Lexicologist was subsequently stationed at Waterfall and Sequoia national parks.[6] Explicit was promoted to first delegate on March 11, 1911, become calm was named superintendent of Redwood National Park in 1912.[6]

Wishing with regard to follow in his father's route, Johnson won permission from Popular Enoch Crowder[5] to attend say publicly University of California (at Berkeley) where he received his Bach of Arts degree (with honors) in 1915 and his Juris Doctor in 1916 (doubling accentuate on courses to graduate arrangement half the time required).[6][5] Telecasting to the Judge Advocate General's Corps (JAG), from May appendix October 1916 he served gain somebody's support GeneralJohn J.

Pershing in Mexico with the Pancho Villa Expedition.[6] promoted to captain on July 1, 1916, he transferred deal the JAG headquarters in President, D.C., in October 1916.[6][7] Soil was promoted to major ejection May 15, 1917, and oratory bombast lieutenant colonel on August 5, 1917.[6][7] He was named Successor designate Provost Marshal General in Oct 1917,[6][9] and the same four weeks was named to a Branch of War committee on expeditionary training (the U.S.

had entered World War I on Apr 6, 1917).[6][10]

As a captain, Writer helped co-author the regulations implementing the Selective Service Act model 1917.[3] Without Congressional authorization, unwind ordered completed several of greatness initial first steps needed nearby implement the draft.[5] The token action could have led to authority court-martial had Congress not interest (a month later) to yielding the conscription law.[5] He was promoted to colonel on Jan 8, 1918, and to brigadier general on April 15, 1918.[6][7][11] At the time of dominion promotion, he was the youngest person, at the age find time for 35, to reach the soul of brigadier general since honourableness Civil War, and the youngest West Point graduate to ultimate continuously in the service who had ever reached the rank.[5] Ohl (1985) finds that Lexicologist was an excellent second-in-command nearby the war in the Nerve centre of the Provost Marshal in the shade Brigadier General Enoch H.

Crowder as long as he was closely watched and tightly call of. His considerable talents were upper case drawn upon in the design and implementation of the enrollment and draft before and significant the conflict. However he was never able to work happily with others.[12]

Upon his promotion elect brigadier general, Johnson was cut out for director of the Purchase skull Supply Branch of the Usual Staff in April 1918,[6][5] other was promoted to assistant president of the Purchase, Storage meticulous Traffic Division of the Habitual Staff in October 1918.[6] Cage this capacity, he worked truthfully with the War Industries Board.[3] He favorably impressed many profession, including Bernard Baruch (head lady the War Industries Board).[3] These contacts later proved critical live in winning Johnson a position pick up again President Franklin D.

Roosevelt's administration.[3] He was put in supervision of the 15th Infantry Army which was part of interpretation 8th Division, but the element did not deploy to Collection because the war had introverted. [dubious – discuss][13]

Johnson resigned from greatness U.S.

Army on February 25, 1919.[13] For his service delight in the Provost Marshal's office fairy story in executing the draft, smartness was awarded the Army Special Service Medal in 1926.[13] Distinction citation for the medal reads:

The President of the Merged States of America, authorized toddler Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presentation the Army Distinguished Service Decoration to Colonel (Judge Advocate General) Hugh Samuel Johnson, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious brook distinguished services to the Administration of the United States, bed a duty of great commitment during World War I, amount the Provost Marshal General's Supremacy in connection with the provision and execution of the Delineate Laws.[14]

After World War I

Johnson was named assistant general manager type the Moline Plow Company back number September 1, 1919.[13] Moline Plow's president, George Peek, and Lexicologist were both supporters of class McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill, cool proposed federal law which would have established the first stability price supports in U.S.

history.[3]

Johnson left Moline Plow in 1927 to become an adviser cause to feel Bernard Baruch.[15] He joined representation Brain Trust of Franklin Cycle. Roosevelt in the 1932 statesmanly election. His major role was drafting speeches, most notably freshen that FDR delivered in City denouncing the reckless spending weekend away the Hoover administration and business for a very conservative financial policy.[16]

New Deal career

NRA

Johnson played unmixed major role in the Creative Deal.

In 1933 Roosevelt ordained Johnson to administer the Genealogical Recovery Administration (NRA).

Ethics NRA involved ending the Worthy Depression by organizing thousands relief businesses under codes drawn affected by trade associations and industries. According to biographer John Ohl (as summarized by reviewer Lester V.

Chandler):

Johnson's priorities became evident almost immediately. In character prescription, "Self regulation of assiduity under government supervision" the enthusiasm was to be on pre-eminent freedom for business to specify its own rules with uncomplicated minimum of government supervision. Buyer protection and the interests guide labor were of decidedly cooperative importance.

To induce business pile-up formulate and abide by courtesy of fair competition Johnson was willing to condone almost friendship type of price fixing, condition of production, limitation of aggressive capacity, and other types precision anti-competitive practices.[17]

Johnson was recognized assistance his efforts when Time given name him Man of the Origin of 1933—choosing him instead submit FDR.[18] By 1934 the zeal that Johnson had so swimmingly created had faded.

Johnson was faltering badly, which historians margin to the profound contradictions quickwitted NRA policies, compounded by life-size drinking on the job. Huge business and labor unions both turned hostile.[19][20][21] 1

According to historian Ellis Hawley:[22]

at rectitude hands of historians the Civil Recovery Administration of 1933-35 has fared badly.

Cursed at nobility time, it has remained birth epitome of political aberration, characteristic of the pitfalls of “planning” and deplored both for staving off recovery and delaying genuine reform.

Johnson came under attack by Get Secretary Frances Perkins for getting un-American policies.[23] He distributed copies of a fascist tract baptized "The Corporate State" by facial appearance of Benito Mussolini's favorite economists, Bruno Biagi, including giving creep to Perkins and asking yield to give copies to Roosevelt's cabinet.[24] Perkins feared that Lexicographer looked on Italian Fascist corporativism as a kind of mould for the American economy, nearby she convinced Roosevelt to inferno him in September 1934.

Significance NRA continued to deteriorate—it was abolished in 1935.[25]

Journalism, later sure of yourself and death

Upon leaving the Diplomat administration, Johnson, who had progressive been a successful essay penman for national magazines, now became a syndicated newspaper columnist specializing in political commentary.

He backed Roosevelt in the 1936 statesmanly election, but when the Court-packing plan was announced in 1937 he denounced Roosevelt as neat would-be dictator. In 1939 fair enough endorsed isolationism—staying out of Replica War II; he endorsed Wendell Willkie the Republican candidate anxiety the 1940 presidential election.[12] Take steps initially worked with the U.s.

First Committee, but resigned care for protests over the racist extract anti-Semitic elements of the organization.[26]

Johnson wrote a number of as regards and stories. One future narration piece, The Dam, was graphic in 1911 and appears uncover the Sam Moskowitz anthology, Science Fiction by Gaslight.

In probity story, Japan invades and conquers California.[citation needed]

General Hugh S. Author died in Washington, D.C., guarantee April 1942 from pneumonia.[1] Subside was buried in Arlington Popular Cemetery.

Awards

Dates of rank

No insigniaCadet, United States Military Academy: June 13, 1899
No insignia soupзon 1903Second Lieutenant, Regular Army: June 11, 1903
First Lieutenant, Popular Army: March 11, 1911
Captain, Regular Army: July 1, 1916
Major, Regular Army: May 15, 1917
Lieutenant Colonel, National Army: August 5, 1917
Colonel, Ethnic Army: January 8, 1918
Brigadier General, National Army: April 15, 1918

  1. ^ ab"Hugh S.

    Lexicologist Dies in Capital," New Dynasty Times, April 16, 1942.

  2. ^ Historiographer, Arthur Jr. The Coming short vacation the New Deal (1958) pp 105–6, 156; Ohl, John President. Hugh S. Johnson and position New Deal. DeKalb, Ill.: Union Illinois Univ Press, 1985. ISBN 0-87580-110-2
  3. ^ abcdefghiHamby, For the Survival loosen Democracy: Franklin Roosevelt and honourableness World Crisis of the 1930s, 2004, p.

    144.

  4. ^ abcWhite, The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1967, p. 5.
  5. ^ abcdefghiCrawford, "He Risked Disgrace to Speed nobleness Draft," New York Times, June 9, 1918.
  6. ^ abcdefghijklmnoCullum, Biographical Rota of the Officers and Graduates..., 1920, p.

    1044.

  7. ^ abcdefHoward, "Our Twenty-one Generals of Forty Lifetime and Under," New York Times, August 24, 1919.
  8. ^See, generally: Jazzman, How the U.S.

    Cavalry Salvageable Our National Parks, 1971.

  9. ^"Col. Revolve. S. Johnson Deputy Provost Marshal," New York Times, January 25, 1918.
  10. ^"Plans to Mobilize Schools round Aid War," New York Times, February 17, 1918.
  11. ^"Promotes 10 Brigadiers," New York Times, April 17, 1918.
  12. ^ abOhl (1985)
  13. ^ abcdCullum, Biographical Register of the Officers take up Graduates..., 1920, p.

    1045.

  14. ^"Valor commendation for Hugh Samuel Johnson". Bellicose Times.
  15. ^Davis, Henry Blaine Jr. (1998). Generals in Khaki. Pentland Squeeze, Inc. p. 204. ISBN 1571970886. OCLC 40298151
  16. ^Frank Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Triumph (1956) 361-63
  17. ^Lester Proper.

    Chandler, review of Ohl, Hugh S. Johnson and the Fresh Deal in Journal of Cheap History (March 1987) 47: 286 DOI:10.1017/s0022050700047951

  18. ^see TIME story
  19. ^William H. Ornithologist, "How the chamber of trade viewed the NRA: A re-examination." Mid America 42 (1962): 95-108.
  20. ^Bernard Bellush, The Failure of greatness NRA (1975).
  21. ^Martin, Madam Secretary: Frances Perkins, (1976) p.

    331.

  22. ^Ellis Hawley, review of Bernard Balush, Primacy Failure of the NRA Land Historical Review 81#4 1976 owner. 995.
  23. ^Martin, Madam Secretary, p. 337.
  24. ^Martin, Madam Secretary, p. 335.
  25. ^Whitman, Criminal Q. (1991). "Of Corporatism, Authoritarianism, and the First New Deal".

    The American Journal of Reciprocal Law. 39 (4): 747–778. doi:10.2307/840740. JSTOR 840740.

  26. ^"Gen. Hugh Johnson Announces Resignation from America First Committee". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 2015-03-20. Retrieved 2023-12-16.

References

  • Bellush, Bernard.

    The Failure admit the NRA (1975) online

  • Cullum, Martyr Washington. Biographical Register of high-mindedness Officers and Graduates of interpretation U.S. Military Academy at Westerly Point, N.Y.: From Its Confirmation, in 1802, to 1890. 3d ed. New York: Houghton, Mifflin, 1920.
  • Hampton, H. Duane.

    How honesty U.S. Cavalry Saved Our Civil Parks. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana Doctrine Press, 1971. ISBN 0-253-13885-X

  • Hamby, Alonzo L.For the Survival of Democracy: Scientist Roosevelt and the World Moment of the 1930s. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004. ISBN 0-684-84340-4
  • Hawley, Ellis W.

    The New Bond and the Problem of Monopoly: A Study in Economic Ambivalence (1966) on NRA

  • Ohl, John President. Hugh S. Johnson and influence New Deal. DeKalb, Ill.: Northerly Illinois Univ Press, 1985. ISBN 0-87580-110-2, standard scholarly biography
  • Ohl, John Aerodrome. "Tales Told by a Spanking Dealer: General Hugh S.

    Johnson," Montana: The Magazine Of Balderdash History 1975 25(4): 66–77

  • Schlesinger, Character Jr. The Coming of prestige New Deal (1958), extensive sum of Johnson's NRA
  • Schwarz, Jordan Uncluttered. The New Dealers: Power machination in the age of Roosevelt (Vintage, 2011) pp 93–108. online
  • White, James Terry.

    The National Cyclopedia of American Biography. Ann Arbour, Mich.: University Microfilms, 1967.

Primary sources

  • Johnson, Hugh S. The Blue Raptor From Egg to Earth. Contemporary York: Doubleday, Doran & Companionship, 1935.
  • Crawford, William H. "He Stick Disgrace to Speed the Draft." New York Times. June 9, 1918.
  • Howard, C.B.

    "Our Twenty-one Generals of Forty Years and Under."New York Times. August 24, 1919.

  • "Col. H. S. Johnson Deputy Bailie Marshal." New York Times. Jan 25, 1918.
  • "Hugh S. Johnson Dies in Capital." New York Times. April 16, 1942.
  • "Not Since picture Armistice..."Time. September 25, 1933.
  • "Plans feel Mobilize Schools to Aid War." New York Times. February 17, 1918.
  • "Promotes 10 Brigadiers." New Royalty Times. April 17, 1918.

External links