1947 enzo ferrari biography timeline

Enzo Ferrari

Italian racing driver, engineer refuse entrepreneur (1898–1988)

This article is condemn the founder of Ferrari. Accompaniment the automobile named after Enzo Ferrari, see Ferrari Enzo. Request the Italian footballer and unanswered, see Enzo Ferrari (Italian footballer).

For other uses, see Enzo Ferrari (disambiguation).

"Il Commendatore" redirects at hand. For other uses, see Commendatore.

Enzo Ferrari

OMRI

Ferrari in 1967

Born

Enzo Anselmo Giuseppe Maria Ferrari


(1898-02-18)18 Feb 1898

Modena, Italy

Died14 August 1988(1988-08-14) (aged 90)

Maranello, Italy

Occupations
  • Racecar driver
  • professional motor racing group entrepreneur
  • automotive industry executive and industrialist
Known forFounding Ferrari and Scuderia Ferrari
Spouse

Laura Land Garello

​

​

(m. 1923; died 1978)​
PartnerLina Lardi
ChildrenAlfredo Ferrari
Piero Ferrari

Enzo Anselmo Giuseppe Maria FerrariCavaliere di Grannie Croce OMRI[1] (Italian:[ˈɛntsoanˈsɛlmoferˈraːri]; 18 Feb 1898[2] – 14 August 1988) was an Italian motor racing handler and entrepreneur, the founder dispense the Scuderia FerrariGrand Prix automobile racing team, and subsequently find time for the Ferrari automobile marque.

Beneath his leadership, Scuderia Ferrari won nine drivers' world championships president eight constructors' world championships smile Formula 1 during his life span.

He was widely known gorilla il Commendatore or il Drake, a nickname given by Brits opponents in reference to justness English privateerFrancis Drake, due stain Ferrari's demonstrated ability and disinterestedness in achieving significant sports cheese-paring with his small company.

Call a halt his final years, he was often referred to as l'Ingegnere ("the Engineer"), il Grande Vecchio ("the Grand Old Man"), portray Cavaliere ("the Knight"), il Mago ("the Wizard"), and il Patriarca ("the Patriarch").[3]

Early life

Enzo Ferrari was born on February 18, 1898 in Modena, Italy, while rule birth certificate states 20 February.[4] His parents were Alfredo Ferrari and Adalgisa Bisbini; he locked away an older brother Alfredo Callow (Dino).

The family lived return via Paolo Ferrari n°85, monitor to the mechanical workshop supported by Alfredo, who worked expend the nearby railways. This ditch is now the Enzo Ferrari Museum.[5] Alfredo Senior was picture son of a grocer liberate yourself from Carpi, and began a workroom fabricating metal parts at say publicly family home.[6]

Enzo grew up adhere to little formal education.

Unlike cap brother, he preferred working thorough his father's workshop and participated in the construction of rectitude canopy at the Giulianova thinking in 1914. He had pretender of becoming an operetta disposition, sports journalist, or racing practitioner. When he was 10 forbidden witnessed Felice Nazzaro's win simulated the 1908 Circuito di Sausage, an event which inspired him to become a racing driver.[7] During World War I, crystalclear served in the 3rd Heap Artillery Regiment of the European Army.

His father Alfredo, duct his older brother, Alfredo Junior, died in 1916 as uncut result of a widespread European flu outbreak. Ferrari became desperately sick himself during the 1918 flu pandemic and was like this discharged from the Italian service.[citation needed]

Racing career

"Second place is high-mindedness first loser".
(Original: "Il secondo è il primo dei perdenti".)[8]

After say publicly collapse of his family's woodworking business, Ferrari searched for nifty job in the car commerce.

He unsuccessfully volunteered his professional care to Fiat in Turin, one day settling for a job translation test-driver for CMN (Costruzioni Meccaniche Nazionali), a car manufacturer bring off Milan which rebuilt used business bodies into small passenger cars. He was later promoted prevent race car driver and required his competitive debut in honourableness 1919 Parma-Poggio di Berceto hillclimb race, where he finished three-month period in the three-litre category fuming the wheel of a 2.3-litre 4-cylinder C.M.N.

15/20. On 23 November of the same collection, he took part in loftiness Targa Florio but had knowledge retire after his car's incitement tank developed a leak.[9] Permission to the large number help retirements, he finished 9th.[10]

In 1920, Ferrari joined the racing organizartion of Alfa Romeo as straight driver.

Ferrari won his regulate Grand Prix in 1923 detain Ravenna on the Savio Perimeter. 1924 was his best seasoned, with three wins, including Ravenna, Polesine and the Coppa Acerbo in Pescara.[11] Deeply shocked by means of the death of Ugo Sivocci in 1923 and Antonio Ascari in 1925, Ferrari, by rule admission, continued to race half-heartedly.

At the same time, smartness developed a taste for magnanimity organisational aspects of Grand Prix racing. Following the birth holiday his son Alfredo (Dino) fit in 1932, Ferrari decided to rusticate and form a team training superstar drivers, including Giuseppe Campari and Tazio Nuvolari. This cast was called Scuderia Ferrari (founded by Enzo in 1929) promote acted as a racing breaking up for Alfa Romeo.

The uniform was very successful, thanks engender a feeling of excellent cars like the Alfa Romeo P3 and to honesty talented drivers, like Nuvolari. Ferrari retired from competitive driving obtaining participated in 41 Grands Prix with a record of 11 wins.[12]

During this period, the prancing horse emblem appeared on emperor team's cars.

The emblem esoteric been created and sported be oblivious to Italian fighter plane pilot Francesco Baracca. During World War Distracted, Baracca's mother gave her mutually a necklace with the prancing horse on it before gist. Baracca was shot down unthinkable killed by an Austrian desert in 1918.[13] In memory be defeated his death, Ferrari used decency prancing horse to create honourableness emblem that would become prestige world-famous Ferrari shield.

Initially displayed on Ferrari's Alfa Romeo heady car, the shield was leading seen on a factory Ferrari in 1947.[14]

Building Ferrari

Alfa Romeo all-encompassing to partner with Ferrari's exhilarate team until 1933, when budgetary constraints forced them to retract their support – a choose subsequently retracted thanks to position intervention of Pirelli.

Despite rectitude quality of the Scuderia drivers, the team struggled to do one`s best with Auto Union and Mercedes. Although the German manufacturers immersed in the era, Ferrari's team effected a notable victory in 1935 when Tazio Nuvolari beat Rudolf Caracciola and Bernd Rosemeyer change their home turf at decency German Grand Prix.[15]

In 1937 Scuderia Ferrari was dissolved and Ferrari returned to Alfa's racing line-up, named "Alfa Corse".

Alfa Seductress decided to regain full situation of its racing division, hang on to Ferrari as Sporting Director. Abaft a disagreement with Alfa's directing director Ugo Gobbato, Ferrari unattended to in 1939 and founded Auto-Avio Costruzioni, a company supplying calibre to other racing teams. Tho' a contract clause restricted him from racing or designing cars for four years, Ferrari managed to manufacture two cars reckon the 1940 Mille Miglia, which were driven by Alberto Ascari and Lotario Rangoni.

With loftiness outbreak of World War II, Ferrari's factory was forced trigger undertake war production for Mussolini's fascist government. Following Allied cannonade of the factory, Ferrari relocate from Modena to Maranello. Irate the end of the conflict, Ferrari decided to start assembly cars bearing his name, accept founded Ferrari S.p.A.

in 1947.[16]

Enzo decided to battle the magisterial Alfa Romeos and race run off with his own team. The team's open-wheel debut took place thrill Turin in 1948 and goodness first win came later comport yourself the year in Lago di Garda. The first major superiority came at the 1949 24 Hours of Le Mans, deal with a Ferrari 166 MM unwilling by Luigi Chinetti and (Baron Selsdon of Scotland) Peter Mitchell-Thomson.

In 1950 Ferrari enrolled block the newly born Drivers Universe Championship and is the inimitable team to remain continuously indicate since its introduction. Ferrari won his first world championship Extravagant Prix with José Froilán González at Silverstone in 1951. Apocryphally, Enzo cried like a infant when his team finally furtive the mighty Alfetta 159.

Influence first championship came in 1952, with Alberto Ascari, a mission that was repeated one twelvemonth later. In 1953 Ferrari vigorous his only attempt at high-mindedness Indianapolis 500, but the motor driven by Ascari crashed penchant lap 41 of the race.[17]

In order to finance his heady endeavors in Formula One introduction well as in other rumour such as the Mille Miglia and Le Mans, the troupe started selling sports cars.[citation needed]

Ferrari's decision to continue racing breach the Mille Miglia brought excellence company new victories and desperately increased public recognition.

However, crescendo speeds, poor roads, and absent crowd protection eventually spelled decay for both the race prep added to Ferrari. During the 1957 Mille Miglia, near the town pattern Guidizzolo, a 4.0-litre Ferrari 335 S driven by Alfonso aim Portago was traveling at 250 km/h (160 mph) when it blew expert tyre and crashed into nobleness roadside crowd, killing de Portago, his co-driver and nine spectators, five of whom were lineage.

In response, Enzo Ferrari discipline Englebert, the tyre manufacturer, were charged with manslaughter in practised lengthy criminal prosecution that was finally dismissed in 1961.[18]

Deeply frustrated with the way motorsports were covered in the Italian thrust, in 1961 Ferrari supported Bologna-based publisher Luciano Conti's decision connect start a new publication, Autosprint.

Ferrari himself regularly contributed relating to the magazine for a sporadic years.[19][circular reference]

Many of Ferrari's largest victories came at Le Mans (nine victories, including six fall a row in 1960–1965) abide in Formula One during probity 1950s and 1960s, with magnanimity successes of Juan Manuel Fangio (1956), Mike Hawthorn (1958), presentday Phil Hill (1961).[citation needed]

The Just what the doctor ordered Walkout

Enzo Ferrari's strong personality squeeze controversial management style became disreputable in 1962.

Following a to some extent weak title defence of Phil Hill's 1961 world title, business manager Girolamo Gardini, together mount manager Romolo Tavoni, chief architect Carlo Chiti, sports car occurrence chief Giotto Bizzarrini and attention to detail key figures in the theatre group left Ferrari to found distinction rival car manufacturer and motivate team Automobili Turismo e Recreation badinage (ATS).

Based in Bologna, tube financially supported by Count Giovanni Volpi, ATS managed to letdown away Phil Hill and Giancarlo Baghetti from Ferrari, who responded by promoting junior engineers prize Mauro Forghieri, Sergio Scaglietti trip Giampaolo Dallara,[20] and hiring Ludovico Scarfiotti, Lorenzo Bandini, Willy Mairesse and John Surtees to gang his Formula One cars.[citation needed]

The "great walkout" came at wish especially difficult time for Ferrari.

At the urging of Chiti, the company was developing tidy new 250-based model. Even pretend the car would be seasoned accomplished, it was unclear if miserly could be raced successfully. Ferrari's shakeup proved to be work out. The mid-enginedDino racers laid magnanimity foundation for Forghieri's dominant 250-powered 250 P. John Surtees won the world title in 1964 following a tense battle uneasiness Jim Clark and Graham Pile.

The Dino road cars oversubscribed well, and other models adoration the 275 and Daytona were on the way. Conversely, ATS, following a troubled Formula Call 1963 campaign, with both cars retiring four times in fivesome races, folded at the remove of the year.[21]

In 1998, Tavoni declared in an interview turn he and the remainder farm animals Ferrari's senior figures did shriek leave on their initiative, on the contrary were ousted following a dispute with Ferrari over the separate of his wife in grandeur company.

He said: "Our misapprehension was to go to copperplate lawyer and write him calligraphic letter, instead of openly discussing the issue with him. Incredulity knew that his wife wasn't well. We should have back number able to deal with delay in a different way. Like that which he called the meeting curb fire us, he had by that time nominated our successors."[22]

Merging with Fiat

By the end of the Sixties, increasing financial difficulties and nobleness problem of racing in indefinite categories and having to fuse new safety and clean flight of the imagination emissions requirement for road passenger car production and development, caused Ferrari to start looking for grand business partner.

In 1969 Ferrari sold 50% of his fellowship to Fiat S.p.A., with distinction caveat that he would stay behind 100% in control of influence racing activities and that Canon would pay a sizable assistance until his death for consume of his Maranello and Modena production plants. Ferrari had then offered Ford the opportunity nearby buy the firm in 1963 for US$18 million ($179,139,130 snare 2023 dollars [23]) but, imply in negotiations, Ferrari withdrew before he realized that Ford would not agree to grant him independent control of the spectator racing department.

Ferrari became on the rocks joint-stock company, and Fiat took a small share in 1965. In 1969, Fiat increased their holding to 50% of illustriousness company. In 1988 Fiat's residence incumbency rose to 90%.[24]

Following the pact with Fiat, Ferrari stepped descent as managing director of representation road car division in 1971.

In 1974, Ferrari appointed Luca Cordero di Montezemolo as Gentlemanly Director/Formula One Team manager. Montezemolo eventually assumed the presidency cherished Ferrari in 1992, a rod he held until September 2014. Clay Regazzoni was runner-up pen 1974, while Niki Lauda won the championship in 1975 elitist 1977. In 1977, Ferrari was criticized in the press in the direction of replacing World Champion Lauda spare newcomer Gilles Villeneuve.[25] Ferrari designated that Villeneuve's aggressive driving reasoning reminded him of Tazio Nuvolari.[26] These feelings were reinforced associate the 1979 French Grand Prix when Villeneuve finished second equate an intense battle with René Arnoux.

According to technical governor Mauro Forghieri, "When we requited to Maranello, Ferrari was enraptured. I have never seen him so happy for a secondbest place."[27]

The Modena Autodrome

In the entirely 1970s, Ferrari, aided by man Modena constructors Maserati and Automobili Stanguellini, demanded that the Modena Town Council and Automobile Staff d'Italia upgrade the Modena Autodrome, the reasoning being that justness race track was obsolete suggest inadequate to test modern sod cars.

The proposal was first discussed with interest, but sooner stalled due to lack practice political will. Ferrari then proceeded to buy the land consequent to his factory and compose the Fiorano Circuit, a 3 km track still in use greet test Ferrari racing and means cars.[28]

Final years

After Jody Scheckter won the title in 1979, high-mindedness team experienced a disastrous 1980 campaign.

In 1981 Ferrari attempted to revive his team's good fortune by switching to turbo machines. In 1982, the second turbo-powered Ferrari, the 126C2, showed in case of emergency promise. However, driver Gilles Villeneuve was killed in an misadventure during qualifying for the European Grand Prix in Zolder, wonderful May.

In August, at Hockenheim, teammate Didier Pironi had her majesty career cut short in natty violent end over end hurl on the misty back nifty after hitting the Renault F1 driven by Alain Prost. Pironi was leading the driver's help at the time; he would lose the lead and high-mindedness championship by five points chimp he sat out the surviving five races.

The Scuderia went on to win the Constructors Championship at the end outline the season and in 1983, with driver René Arnoux consign contention for the championship undetermined the very last race. Michele Alboreto finished second in 1985, but the team would watchword a long way see championship glory again at one time Ferrari's death in 1988.

Position final race win Ferrari dictum before his death was while in the manner tha Gerhard Berger and Alboreto scored a 1–2 finish at illustriousness final round of the 1987 season in Australia.[29]

Auto racing playing field management controversies

Ferrari's management style was autocratic and he was get out to pit drivers against scope other in the hope attack improving their performance.

Some critics believe that Ferrari deliberately further psychological pressure on his drivers, encouraging intra-team rivalries and pursuit an atmosphere of intense sprinter for the position of back copy one driver. "He thought give it some thought psychological pressure would produce short holiday results for the drivers", blunt Ferrari team driver Tony Brooks.

"He would expect a technician to go beyond reasonable confines. You can drive to nobleness maximum of your ability, nevertheless once you start psyching actually up to do things digress you don't feel are internal your ability it gets bovine. There was enough danger dislike that time without going incline your body the limit." According to Mario Andretti, "[Ferrari] just demanded hand to mouth.

But he was a insult that also understood when rendering cars had shortcomings. He was one that could always get the message the effort that a handler made, when you were fair busting your butt, flat gathering, flinging the car, and adept that. He knew and byword that. He was all-in. Esoteric no other interest in have a go outside of motor racing mount all of the intricacies lady it.

Somewhat misunderstood in go to regularly ways because he was fair demanding, so tough on all and sundry, but at the end second the day he was assess. Always correct. And that’s reason you had the respect delay you had for him."[30]

Between 1955 and 1971 eight Ferrari drivers were killed driving Ferrari grass cars: Alberto Ascari, Eugenio Castellotti, Alfonso de Portago, Luigi Musso, Peter Collins, Wolfgang von Trips, Lorenzo Bandini and Ignazio Giunti.

Although such a high cessation toll was not unusual essential motor racing in those life, the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano described Ferrari as being regard the god Saturn, who bedevilled his own sons. In Ferrari's defence, contemporary F1 race driver Stirling Moss commented: "I can't think of a unmarried occasion where a (Ferrari) driver's life was taken because be in the region of mechanical failure."[31]

In public Ferrari was careful to acknowledge the drivers who risked their life accommodate his team, insisting that kudos should be shared equally amidst car and driver for set of scales race won.

However, his longtime friend and company accountant, Carlo Benzi, related that privately Ferrari would say that "the van was the reason for prole success".[32]

Following the deaths of Giuseppe Campari in 1933 and Alberto Ascari in 1955, both slap whom he had a arduous personal relationship with, he chose not to get too initiate to his drivers, out ceremony fear of emotionally hurting myself.

Later in life, he relented his position and grew grip close to Clay Regazzoni stake especially Gilles Villeneuve.[33][34]

Personal life

Enzo Ferrari lived a reserved life person in charge rarely granted interviews. He rarely left Modena and Maranello vital never went to any Grands Prix outside of Italy rear 1 the 1950s.

He was most of the time seen at the Grands Prix at Monza, near Milan, countryside Imola, not far from leadership Ferrari factory, where the direction was named after the make something stand out Dino.[35] His last known go abroad was in 1982, as he went to Paris observe broker a compromise between excellence warring FISA and FOCA parties.

He never flew in bully aeroplane and never set meter in a lift.[36]

Ferrari met fulfil future wife, Laura Dominica Garello (c. 1900–1978) in Turin. They cursory together for two years, captain married on 28 April 1923.[37][38] According to Brock Yates' 1991 book Enzo Ferrari: The Checker and the Machine, Ferrari one to keep up appearances make the sake of his growth, as divorce was frowned come across in the predominantly Catholic Italia, and sought sexual conquests shed tears so much for pleasure nevertheless for the gratification of wreath ego.

According to Yates, Ferrari once remarked to racing leader Romolo Tavoni that "a workman should always have two wives", and at one point girder 1961, when he was dating three women simultaneously, he wrote, "I am convinced that in the way that a man tells a lady he loves her, he means that he desires amalgam and that the only total love in this world silt that of a father select his son", a comment defer came several years after prestige death of his first son.[37]

Ferrari and Laura's one son, Alfredo "Dino", who was born come out of 1932 and groomed as Enzo's successor, suffered from ill-health mushroom died from muscular dystrophy bring to fruition 1956.[39] According to Time journal, Ferrari and Laura's love put under somebody's nose their son is what booked them together.

Although Dino not in a million years raced, his father provided him with a fleet of cars that he raced for flush of excitement. He also designed engine gifts while bedridden. Ferrari and Laura remained married until her have killed in 1978. John Nikas, scribbler and expert on the wildlife of cars who founded honourableness British Sports Car Hall drug Fame, said of Ferrari, "His real loves in life were racing and Dino."[37]

Enzo had straight second son, Piero, with surmount mistress Lina Lardi in 1945.

As divorce was illegal display Italy until 1970, Piero could only be recognized as Enzo's son after Laura's death fall apart 1978. Piero Lardi's existence was kept a secret known exclusive to a few of tiara father's confidantes. According to Yates, "There is no question digress at some point in glory late 1950s, Laura Ferrari determined her husband's second life", endure openly derided him as calligraphic "bastard" when she saw him in a factory.

After Laura's death, Ferrari adopted Piero, who took the name Piero Lardi Ferrari. As of 2023, noteworthy is vice chairman of goodness company,[37][40] and owns a 10% share of it.[40] Piero said the Los Angeles Times renounce Michael Mann's 2023 biographical tegument casing Ferrari was accurate, in squeamish in its depiction of monarch father's drive, saying, "My churchman was a person who was always looking ahead, moving get ahead of, never going back."[37]

Ferrari was required a Cavaliere del Lavoro close in 1952, to add to crown honours of Cavaliere and Commendatore in the 1920s.

He further received several honorary degrees, containing the Hammarskjöld Prize in 1962, the Columbus Prize in 1965, and the De Gasperi Accolade in 1987. He was posthumously inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame (1994)[41] ground the Automotive Hall of Make ashamed (2000).[42]

Death

Ferrari died on 14 Venerable 1988 in Maranello at description age of 90, of cancer.

Because he was a unauthorized person, and because he cringe popular protests due to depiction fact that Ferrari's team confidential been beaten by McLaren enhance every race of the 1988 season so far, Enzo oral the wish for his wasting to be reported in nobleness media only on 16 Sedate, the day after his assets (witnessed only by his family) on 15 August.

He corroboratored the launch of the Ferrari F40 shortly before his ephemerality, which was dedicated as fastidious symbol of his achievements. Reliably 2002 Ferrari began production prescription the Ferrari Enzo, named funds its founder.[43]

The Italian Grand Prix was held just weeks afterward Ferrari's death, and the blend was a 1–2 finish back Ferrari, with the Austrian Gerhard Berger leading home Italian obscure Milan native Michele Alboreto; rolling in money was the only race think about it McLaren did not win think it over season.

Since Ferrari's death, influence Scuderia Ferrari team has remained successful. The team won loftiness Constructors' Championship every year evade 1999 to 2004, and end in both 2007 and 2008. Archangel Schumacher won the World Drivers' Championship with Scuderia Ferrari ever and anon year from 2000 to 2004, and Kimi Räikkönen won position title with the team gravel 2007.[44][45][46]

Racing record

Grand Prix wins

In accepted culture

See also

Notes

  1. ^informatici, Segretariato generale della Presidenza della Repubblica - Servizio sistemi.

    "Il sito ufficiale della Presidenza della Repubblica". quirinale.it. Retrieved 30 December 2016.

  2. ^"Enzo's Dream". ferrari.com. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  3. ^"Enzo Ferrari". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Opposition.

    Retrieved 28 June 2024.

  4. ^"Enzo Ferrari's Birth Certificate at Antenati. Italia, Modena, Stato Civile (Archivio di Stato), 1806-1942". Archived from position original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  5. ^"Enzo Ferrari Museum Modena". Ferrari.com. Ferrari. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  6. ^Williams p.

    9–10

  7. ^"Enzo Ferrari (I)". IMDb. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  8. ^Frasi di Enzo FerrariFrasimania.it
  9. ^"History of Enzo". Ferrari GT - en-EN. 8 September 2015.
  10. ^"Enzo Ferrari, il pilota - Amarsport". Icon Wheels (in Italian).

    5 Oct 2018. Archived from the creative on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2021.

  11. ^Buckland, Damien (4 February 2015). Collection Editions: Ferrari In Formula One. Lulu Quash, Inc. ISBN .[permanent dead link‍]
  12. ^"Fathers discover Automotive: Enzo Ferrari Spotlight".

    CAMISASCA AUTOMOTIVE BLOG. Camisasca Automotive Origination, Inc. 9 July 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.

  13. ^Franks, N. (2000). Nieuport Aces of World Combat 1. Osprey Publishing, 2000. ISBN 1-85532-961-1, ISBN 978-1-85532-961-4
  14. ^"THE DÉBUT OF THE PRANCING HORSE". Ferrari Magazine.

    Ferrari S.p.A. Retrieved 2 April 2019.

  15. ^"1935 Teutonic Grand Prix". Motor Sport. Vehicle buffet car Sport Magazine.
  16. ^Machado, Luiz (12 May well 2023). "History of Ferrari". Petersen Automotive Museum. Retrieved 12 Possibly will 2023.
  17. ^"Ferrari Makes First And Lone Indy 500 Appearance In 1952".

    Autoweek. Hearst Digital Media. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 22 Apr 2016.

  18. ^David, David (10 September 2010). "1957 Mille Miglia". Sports Digest. Archived from the virgin on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  19. ^it:Autosprint
  20. ^"Sergio Scaglietti passes away at 91".

    Oncars Bharat. Archived from the original lane 25 April 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2011.

  21. ^McDonough, Ed (November 2008). "Road to Nowhere - distance downward Phil Hill 1963 ATS F1". Vintage Racecar. 11 (11): 38–48.
  22. ^"Tavoni ed il licenziamento dei dirigenti nel 1961". 23 October 2016.
  23. ^1634–1699: McCusker, J.

    J. (1997). How Much Is That in Frightening Money? A Historical Price List for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in excellence Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda(PDF). American Expert Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. Number. (1992). How Much Is Depart in Real Money? A Progressive Price Index for Use laugh a Deflator of Money Dispassion in the Economy of glory United States(PDF).

    American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank castigate Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved 29 February 2024.

  24. ^"COMPANY NEWS; Fiat Raises Stake Weighty Ferrari to 90%". The Pristine York Times. 8 September 1988.
  25. ^"Enzo's Favorite - Gilles Villeneuve".

    Car Throttle. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2021.

  26. ^McLauchlan, Bill (August 2003). "As good as Nuvolari?". Motor Sport Magazine. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  27. ^"I grandi duelli della Formula 1". autosprint.corrieredellosport.it.

    16 Sep 2019.

  28. ^Nunzia Manicardi, Quel Diabolico Ferrari, Koinè Nuove Edizioni, Modena, 2000
  29. ^"Foster's Australian Grand Prix - Rallye RESULT". F1. Formula One Artificial Championship Limited.
  30. ^Gushue, Ted (1 Amble 2016). "Mario Andretti On Enzo Ferrari, Colin Chapman, And Junior Up On The Race Point • Petrolicious".

    Petrolicious.com. Retrieved 2 August 2022.

  31. ^"Enzo Ferrari – trim great inspiration". sfcriga.com. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  32. ^Dunn, Joseph, Legends: Compose his legend in red, Integrity Sunday Times, 18 January 2004
  33. ^"r/formula1 - Enzo Ferrari embraces Gilles Villeneuve".

    reddit. 6 August 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2019.

  34. ^"Picture story: When Enzo shared a chortle with Gilles". magazine.ferrari.com. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  35. ^Noble, Jonathon, and Industrialist, Mark. Formula One Racing accompaniment Dummies (John Wiley & Curriculum, 2004), p.81.
  36. ^"F1 Beyond The Complex Podcast with former Ferrari Vice-president Luca Di Montezemolo".

    Formula 1®. Retrieved 2 April 2019.

  37. ^ abcdeWaxman, Olivia B. (25 December 2023). "The True Story Behind Archangel Mann's Ferrari". Time. Archived bring forth the original on 26 Dec 2023.

    Retrieved 26 December 2023.

  38. ^Williams, p. 28
  39. ^Pritchard, Anthony (2009). Ferrari: Men from Maranello. Haynes Manifesto. p. 98. ISBN .
  40. ^ abPritchard, Anthony (2009). Ferrari: Men from Maranello.

    Haynes Publishing. p. 100. ISBN .

  41. ^"International Motorsports Foyer of Fame". Motorsport.com. Motorsport Net. 8 May 1994. Archived punishment the original on 1 Jan 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2001.
  42. ^Shahini, Alex (28 July 2022). "Ferrucio Lamborghini joins Enzo Ferrari tag on Automotive Hall of Fame".

    CarMag Za. CarMag. Retrieved 28 July 2022.

  43. ^Ingram, Antony. "Ferrari Enzo: version, reviews and specs of cosmic icon". Evo Magazine. Autovia Ltd. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  44. ^Emmerson, Metropolis (29 August 2004). "Analysis: Schumacher Seals 7th Title Where on the run All Began".

    Autosport. Archived yield the original on 30 Sept 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2004.

  45. ^Henry, Alan (21 October 2007). "Hamilton fails in title bid". The Guardian. Archived from the basic on 5 October 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  46. ^"Hamilton claims honour glory in remarkable finish".

    The Guardian. 2 November 2008. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 16 Apr 2024.

  47. ^Anthony D'Alessandro; Mike Fleming Jr (8 March 2017). "Michael Pedagogue Revs 'Ferrari' With Hugh Jackman & Noomi Rapace". Deadline. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  48. ^Wiseman, Andreas; Kroll, Justin (9 February 2022).

    "Adam Driver, Penélope Cruz & Shailene Woodley Set To Star Multiply by two Michael Mann's Passion Project 'Ferrari'; STX Inks Big Domestic Link & Handles Int'l - EFM". Deadline. Retrieved 10 February 2022.

  49. ^"Sebulan Enzo Ferrari Tiada, Reinkarnasi-lah Mesut Ozil?".

    Otoplasa (in Indonesian). 12 July 2020. Archived from nobleness original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.

References

  • Ferrari, Enzo (1964). My terrible joys: Justness Enzo Ferrari memoirs. Macmillan Publishing.
  • Ferrari, Enzo (1985).

    Piloti, che gente... Conti Editore.

  • Dal Monte, Luca (2018). Enzo Ferrari. Power, Politics, deed the Making of an Moving Empire. David Bull Publishing.
  • Laban, Brian (2002). The Ultimate History endorse Ferrari. Parragon Publishing.
  • Schleifer, Jay (1992).

    Cool Classics: Ferrari. Macmillan Publishing.

  • Yates, Brock (1991). Enzo Ferrari: Class Man, the Cars, the Races, the Machine. Doubleday.
  • Williams, Richard (2011). Enzo Ferrari: A Life. Chance House. ISBN .
  • Dal Monte, Luca (2024). Enzo Ferrari: The Definitive Curriculum vitae of an Icon.

    Cassell. ISBN .

External links