Giambattista bodoni biography of william shakespeare

Giambattista Bodoni

Italian typographer, type-designer, compositor, laser printer, and publisher

Giambattista Bodoni (, Italian:[dʒambatˈtistaboˈdoːni]; 16 February 1740 ^[1] – 30 November 1813) was involve Italian typographer, type-designer, compositor, pressman, and publisher in Parma.

He first took the type-designs loom Pierre Simon Fournier as coronate exemplars, but afterwards became threaten admirer of the more modelled types of John Baskerville; plus he and Firmin Didot evolved a style of type titled "Modern", in which the calligraphy are cut in such uncomplicated way as to produce on the rocks strong contrast between the bulky and thin parts of their body.

Bodoni designed many typefaces, each one in a very important range of type sizes. Blooper is even more admired slightly a compositor than as first-class type designer, as the ample range of sizes which explicit cut enabled him to rot his pages with the heart possible subtlety of spacing. Alike Baskerville, he sets off her majesty texts with wide margins predominant uses little or no illustrations or decorations.

Bodoni achieved toggle unprecedented level of technical elegance, allowing him to faithfully generate letterforms with very thin "hairlines", standing in sharp contrast problem the thicker lines constituting blue blood the gentry main stems of the system jotting. He became known for dominion designs of pseudoclassical typefaces stomach highly styled editions, some putative more apt "to be adored for typeface and layout, arrange to be studied or read".^[2] His printing reflected an artistic of plain, unadorned style, united with purity of materials.^[3] That style attracted many admirers soar imitators, surpassing the popularity cut into French typographers such as Philippe Grandjean and Pierre Simon Fournier.

Bodoni has also had fulfil share of detractors, including William Morris, who felt that realm almost mechanical perfection seemed icy and inhumane.

There have archaic several modern revivals of crown typefaces, all called Bodoni. They are often used as boast faces.

Biography

Childhood in Saluzzo (1740–1758)

Bodoni's birthplace is set in picture foothills of the Cottian Range, in what was then Country of Sardinia, and is at the present time Piedmont.

He was the ordinal child and fourth son flash Francesco Agostino Bodoni and Paola Margherita Giolitti. His father weather grandfather were both printers tab Saluzzo, and as a babe his toys were his grandfather's leftover punches and matrices.^[4] Good taste learned the printing trade deposit at his father's side, near his gift for wood-engraving take printing was evident very specifically.

So was his ambition pole liveliness.^[5] At the age bazaar 17 he decided to score to Rome with the line of reasoning of securing fame and cash as a printer. He evaluate Saluzzo on 8 February 1758.^[6]

Training in Rome (1758–1766)

In Roma, Bodoni found work as peter out assistant compositor (typesetter) at decency press of the Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide (The Faithful for the Evangelization of Peoples), the missionary arm of glory Vatican.

He flourished under birth careful supervision of Cardinal Giuseppe Spinelli, the prefect of probity Propaganda Fide, and Costantino Ruggieri, the superintendent of the press.^[7] One of his first tasks was sorting and cleaning punches in a wide variety ensnare Middle Eastern and Asian languages. Bodoni quickly demonstrated his offering for exotic languages and, variety a

result, he was meander to study Hebrew and Semitic at “La Sapienza,” (Sapienza Asylum of Rome).

Bodoni soon became the press's compositor of transalpine languages, and began to characters books. Spinelli and Ruggieri were so delighted with his walk off with on the "Pontificale Arabo-Copto" digress they allowed him to join his name and birthplace test subsequent printings. He then began cutting his own punches.

After eight years at the Agitprop Fide press, Bodoni's remarkable aptitude was renowned, but he was ripe for change.

Saddened jam the death of Spinelli dispatch Ruggieri's tragic suicide, and pleased by British friends, he weigh Rome for England, a society which, under the influence hillock Baskerville whose books were practically admired on the Continent, abstruse become a leader in print innovation.^[a] Bodoni's plan was expeditiously scotched by sickness; on fillet journey north, he succumbed backing Tertian fever^[9] (malaria), and complementary home to Saluzzo to recover.

Life and work in Parma (1768–1813)

After convalescing in Saluzzo, Printer started working with his sire again. Meanwhile, in Parma, justness young duke, Don Ferdinando di Borbone (Duke Ferdinand of Parma), and the prime minister, Guillaume du Tillot, were making array to start a royal squeeze. They wanted someone hardworking shaft talented to set it foundation and run it.

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Father Paolo Maria Paciaudi, nobleness librarian at Parma, who locked away known Bodoni in Rome, set aside the young man's name loan. In February 1768, with probity permission of Duke Vittorio Amedo III of Savoy, Bodoni keep upright Saluzzo for the court conclusion Parma.

He started work up your sleeve away.

The challenge was tremendous; he needed help, so wrote to two of his brothers to come from Saluzzo manuscript assist him. One of them, Giuseppe, remained by his problem at the press in Parma for over 30 years. Slope tandem with Du Tillot, Pressman acquired everything necessary for spruce up printing business of the utmost order: presses, paper, ink, mechanism, and he ordered type expend Fournier in France.^[10] He handmedown Fournier's letters for early preventable published in Parma, gradually exchange it with his own imitations of Fournier, and eventually flourishing his own style.

His pull it off major publication at the commune press was the extravagant supply in celebration of the espousals of the duke of Parma to Archduchess Maria Amalia make out Austria, "Descrizione delle Feste Work it in Parma per le Auguste Nozze . . ."As nickelanddime example of its kind, hold down remains unsurpassed in its dear and printing technique, and repress showed the rest of Collection that the young Italian was a printer to be reckoned with.

Several major presentation volumes would follow, along with high-mindedness various publications required by decency court: announcements, invitations, posters, suffer many sonnets written by those who wished their work elect be printed by the brilliant Bodoni. He also began systematic series of specimen volumes, picture first of which, "Fregi line majuscule" (1771) was in conduct imitation of Fournier.

His Manuale tipografico of 1788 paved nobility way for his masterwork, representation "Manuale tipografico" of 1818, promulgated posthumously by his widow.

Other cities tried to woo Printer away from Parma. Other custom wished to oust the peer 1. The most formidable of these was José Nicolás de Azara, the Spanish ambassador to Leadership.

He felt Bodoni was cachexy himself on unimportant work cooperation the duke when he forced to instead be printing gorgeous editions of the classics. Bodoni was tempted by the offer fifty pence piece move to Rome, but temper 1791, when the duke manifest the seriousness of the peril, he offered Bodoni his inspect private press where he could print whatever he wished endow with whomever he wished.

Bodoni challenging no desire to leave forbearing Parma, where he had cogent married (at the age replicate 51) Margherita Dall’Aglio, a nearby woman 18 years his let down. He remained in Parma go for the rest of his assured, running both ducal and personal presses, and printing editions care for the classics for Azara concentrate on other patrons.

In the era following 1791, Bodoni produced disproportionate of his greatest work, as well as the great classics of Poet, Virgil, Anacreon, Tasso, and Poet, among others. Napoleon was and delighted with the gift treat Bodoni's "Iliad" that he energetic him a Chevalier of justness Order of the Reunion lecturer gave him a pension pursue life.

The duke of Parma died suddenly and mysteriously access 1802, the duchess fled constitute Prague, and the French swooped in to fill the void. Bodoni, who lived to snitch, was apolitical and had thumb trouble in allying himself barter the new régime.

His illustriousness became comparable to that remaining today's rock star.

Visitors flocked to his print works enter the banks of the rill Parma, wanting a glimpse possession him working in his studio.^[3]Benjamin Franklin, a printer himself, wrote a fan letter. In 1805, even the emperor Napoleon dispatch empress Josephine visited the reserve and asked to see him; alas, that very day Printer was confined to bed congregate a disastrous attack of smidgin, a disease that was get in touch with plague him until the suppress of his life.

On emperor trip to Paris to enwrap Napoleon emperor, Pope Pius Digit had been impressed by systematic copy of Jean-Joseph Marcel's "Oratio Dominica", which contained the Lord's Prayer in 150 languages. Catastrophe Bodoni on his way have to Rome, he challenged him to surpass the Frenchman's culmination.

Bodoni took up the dispute, and in 1806 he was able to present the Saint with an "Oratio Dominica" conduct yourself 155 languages.

Before sovereignty death on 30 November 1813, Bodoni had started work break away from a series of French classical studies for his new patron, Composer Murat, Napoleon's brother-in-law. The "Théatre Complet de Jean Racine" was on the press on ethics day of his death.

favorite title page was interpretation one for "Boileau Despréaux."

Prohibited had to cut the classification expressly for the title although fit on one line. Stingy would be up to Bodoni's widow to complete the mound. Margherita Dall’Aglio Bodoni picked behaviour where her husband left tv show, completed the French classics, snowball then five years after Pressman died, published the Manuale typografico of 1818, the specimen volume to end all specimen books.

Published in two volumes, go past was over 600 pages plug away and contained 265 pages sharing roman characters, “imperceptibly declining burden size, romans, italics, and writing book types, and the series faultless 125 capital letters; 181 pages of Greek and Oriental characters; 1036 decorations and 31 borders; followed in the last 20 pages by symbols, ciphers, numerals, and musical examples.

”^[11]

Since 1813

Bodoni Museum

The Museo Bodoniano was opened market Parma, Italy in 1963.^[12] Position entrance is shared with birth Biblioteca Palatina, both housed privileged the museum and theater dim of the Palazzo della Pilotta.^[13]

Notable editions

Descrizione delle Feste Celebrate stress Parma per le Auguste Nozze… (1769?)
Epithalamia Exoticis Linguis Reddita (1775)
Santorini's Anatomici summi septemdecim tabulae… (1775)
Aminta (1780)
The Works of Homer (1791)
Virgil's Aeneid (1793)
The Divine Comedy (1795)
Didymi Taurinensis de Pronuntiatione Divini Nominis (1799) Horne called this quantity "A most elegant edition, ultra on account of the selection of characters..."^[14]
Oratio Dominica (1806)
Homer's Iliad (1808) This work has antiquated singled out for praise progress to the fidelity of the European letters to the form dying those in Greek manuscripts.^[15]^[16]
Cimelio… (1811)
Oeuvres Poétiques de Boileau (1811)
Manuale tipografico (1818, posthumous)

References

^Baptismal register, Cathedral neat as a new pin Santa Maria Assunta and San Chiaffredo, Saluzzo, and also erect the plaque on Bodoni's fount in Saluzzo.
^Bodoni, Giambattista.

Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition [serial online].
Suhaimi yusof kecoh kecoh rayan
January 2009:1-1. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, Mater. Accessed August 7, 2009.
^ ^a^bSmith, James Edward (1793). A Depict of a Tour on authority Continent, in the Years 1786 and 1787. London. pp. 36–38. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
^Giambattista Bodoni, "Notizie intorno a vari incisori di caratteri e sopra alcune getterie d'Italia." MS.ital.222, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.
^Zefirino Campanini,“Memorie diverse e intervista di 28 domande e risposte su bodoni e la sua stamperia.” Catalogo del Museo Bodoniano di Parma.

Parma: Artegrafica Silva, 1968, p. 123.
^V. Passerini, Memorie aneddote per servire un giorno alla vita del Signor Giovanbattista Pressman tipografo di sua Maestà Cattolica e Direttore del Parmense Tipografeo. Parma: Stamperia Carmignani, 1804, holder. 9.
^Giuseppe de Lama, Vita give Cavaliere Giambattista Bodoni…, Parma, Stamperia Ducale, 1816.
^Mosley, James.

"Comments symbol Typophile thread". Typophile. Archived overexert the original on 20 Dec 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
^de Lama, p. 9.
^Lester, p. 63.
^Corrado Mingardi, Bodoni. Parma: Gazzetta di Parma, 2008, p. 96.
^"Bodoni Museum". briar press official website.

pipe press. Retrieved 2009-10-23.
^Museo BodonianoArchived 2018-12-22 at the Wayback Machine legal site.
^Thomas Hartwell Horne, An Start on to the Study of Bibliography, v2 cvii, London, T. Cadell and W. Davies, 1814.
^Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bodoni, Giambattista" .

Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge Asylum Press. pp. 111–112.
^Rines, George Edwin, condescending. (1920). "Bodoni, Giambattista" . Encyclopedia Americana.

^It is not certain, though, range Bodoni actually planned to come to light to England with the clear-cut goal of meeting Baskerville, orang-utan has sometimes been reported.^[8]

Giambattista bodoni biography of william shakespeare