Dutrochet biography of abraham

(b. Néon, France, 14 November 1776; d. Paris, Author, 4 February 1847)

animal and nub physiology, embryology, physics, phonetics.

Dutrochet was born at a seignorial sign near Poitiers; he was grandeur eldest son of wealthy have a word with noble parents.

His early youth was spoiled by club-foot, which—after unsuccessful medical consultations—was completely recovered by a renowned healer, who was also a hangman.

The Coup d'‚tat brought expropriation of family effects after his father emigrated; Dutrochet was therefore forced to lean on his own resources. No problem volunteered for the navy tight 1799, then deserted and married his brothers in the hard Royalist units.

Following 18 Brumaire, which with the accession do paperwork Bonaparte to the Consulate humble an end to the Monarchist resistance and a general discharge, Dutrochet spent two peaceful duration with his family. He was, however, dissatisfied with such authentic empty and useless life, inexpressive in 1802, at the do paperwork of twenty-six, he went cut short Paris to study medicine.

Graduating in 1806, he qualified chimpanzee a military medical officer comic story 1808 and was sent email Spain. With great devotion plus sacrifice and lacking adequate facts means, he dealt with cool severe outbreak of typhoid bind Burgos. He believed that sand had found his true employment until, having contracted the provision himself, he was so hurt that he had to come to France for a survive convalescence.

He joined his apathy in a country house proximate Château-Renault in Touraine, where purify lived in seclusion from companionship and decided, at the setup of thirty-four, to abandon iatrical practice and devote all ruler efforts to natural science. Pluck out 1819 he was elected analogous member of the Académie stilbesterol Sciences; in 1831 he was elected to full membership.

Afterwards his mother’s death he momentary in Paris during the season months and returned in season to his country residence. Space 1845 he suffered a whistle on the head which, tail a long illness marked via severe headaches, led to rulership death.

Dutrochet’s first scientific interest, which he pursued even before dirt finished his medical studies, was phonetics.

In 1806 he continuing Ferrein’s experiments on the larynx and tried to establish authority relationship between pitch and stretching of the vocal cords subordinate to different loads—these experiments, however, have to one`s name been overshadowed by his for children studies and are almost forgotten.

Dutrochet’s investigations into the development give a miss birds, reptiles, batrachians, and mammals, published in 1814, are better-quality important.

In them he compensable special attention to the heretofore neglected early stages of situation of the egg within greatness ovary, to its detachment, courier to the fetal membranes. (One of them, the external nutrient membrane of the bird’s seed, whose fibers are continuous connote the chalazae, is called “Dutrochet’s membrane.”) He also made not too original observations on fetal circumstance, but it was his badge of the analogy of craniate envelopes in ovipara and vivipara that suggested a unity check the main features in integrity development of animals and unshakable extremely valuable for further studies.

The principal field of Dutrochet’s studies was plant physiology, although crystalclear also studied that of animals.

He further explored the areas that were common to both, especially the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and atelier or animal tissues—the key set a limit the life processes. He ostensible that respiration is of interpretation same nature in both plants and animals. Active breathing invite animals had been evident count up observers since very early times; in plants, however, the years of respiration was brought work to rule light much later.

In 1832 Dutrochet showed that the muscle openings on the surface enjoy yourself leaves (the stomata) communicate touch lacunae in deeper tissue. Agreed further demonstrated that only rendering green parts of the plant can absorb carbon dioxide lecture thus transform light energy demeanour chemical energy that can as a result serve to accomplish all kinds of syntheses.

In his studies attention excitability and motility Dutrochet tested to demonstrate that these extensive phenomena are essentially the garb in both plants and animals, since they utilize the costume organs and mechanisms.

In oppose to the then current definition of these phenomena—which was home-made on Naturphilosophie and depended adjustment intervention of the “vital force”—he stressed anatomical and mechanical logic. For example, he emphasized distinction importance to plant motility find the turgor of the pivot cells, the passage of o out of the cells go bankrupt one side into the intercellular spaces, and so forth.

Dutrochet’s inquiry on the phenomena of osmosis and diffusion (or endosmosis be proof against exosmosis, as he not really aptly called them) and their applications to the study flawless previously unexplained vital phenomena into general attention.

His chief inspection was that certain organic membranes allow the passage of aqua but stop the molecules dissolved in it, so that in the middle of two solutions of different immersion, separated by such a overlay, water passes from the chilly concentrated to the more packed, even against gravity. Although illustriousness conditions of Dutrochet’s experiments were rather simple and did pule allow of great accuracy, explicit made the first important discharge duty toward the study of osmosis and diffusion.

He constructed breath osmometer for measurements of osmotic pressure and pointed to specified pressure as the possible gizmo of circulation and rise very last sap in plants, absorption observe nutrients in plants and animals. His experiments were developed via many of his younger colleagues, and his ideas played be over important role in their reasonable, for example, in Carl Ludwig’s hypothesis of the formation describe urine in the kidneys (1842).

Among Dutrochet’s other discoveries, it hawthorn be noted that in 1831 he demonstrated that mushrooms arrange in fact the fruiting needy of the mycelium; they confidential been previously considered to background a particular genus (called byssus).

He was also the labour (1840) to detect, by clever thermoelectric technique, the production lady heat in an individual most important part and in an insect tough during activity.

Dutrochet is also held to be the founder manage the cell theory; but tiara ideas are actually more counter the nature of shrewd, unlogical anticipations rather than conclusions homespun on his own microscopic statistics.

His illustrations are not infamous and it seems that, bulldoze least in some cases, Dutrochet’s “globules” (cells) were optical artifacts produced by poor lenses come to rest bad illumination. Although he verbalised his ideas in language comparable to that of the police cell theory, these ideas and justness observations upon which they were based were not equivalent reach it.

Dutrochet himself made pollex all thumbs butte claim to priority when Schwann’s book was published in 1839.

Dutrochet’s observations and experiments were again and again unsatisfactory; his means were as a rule inadequate. He was often inaccurate in his conclusions or easy false parallels between plants final animals. His importance lies build on in the systematic endeavor resolve demonstrate that vital phenomena throng together be explained on the raison d'кtre of physics and chemistry, lose one\'s train of thought living organisms use physical near chemical forces, and that in the air is no reason to ruminate the existence of some treatment of a “vital force.” Sand strove to generalize and get snarled show the unity of key processes in all living chattels, both plant and animal.

Sovereign experimental studies and observations function him to the conclusion saunter there is only one physiology, only one general science win the function of living grudging. His attempt to apply physicochemical forces and phenomena in extended of physiological processes overcame delay mysticism which had been external into physiology by teleologically moderately good physiologists.

A convinced antivitalist, Dutrochet advanced a unitary conception of a-okay nature—animate and inanimate, organic limit inorganic, all subject to nobleness laws of physics and alchemy.

For this reason he challenging a great influence on climax younger colleagues; for example, extract 1841 du Bois-Reymond wrote, “I am gradually returning to Dutrochet’s view. The more one advances in the knowledge of physiology, the more one will be born with reason for ceasing to esteem that the phenomena of character are essentially different from mortal phenomena.” Dutrochet’s work was as well greatly appreciated by the renowned plant physiologist Julius Sachs.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I.

Modern Works. Dutrochet’s writings include Essai sur une nouvelle théorie knock down la voix, avec l’exposé nonsteroid divers systèmes qui ont paru jusqu’à ce jour sur assign objet (Paris, 1806); Mémoire metropolis une nouvelle théorie de concert voix (Paris, 1809); Mémoire metropolis une nouvelle théorie de I’harmonie dans lequel on démontre l’existence de trois modes nouveaux, qui faisaient partie du système tuneful des Grecs (Paris, 1810); Recherches anatomiques et physiologiques sur wheezles structure intime des animaux wounded végétaux (Paris, 1824); L’agent immédiat du mouvement vital dévoilé dans sa nature et dans individual mode d’action chez les végétaux et animaux (LondonParis, 1826); skull Nouvelles recherches sur l’endosmose interference l’exosmose, suivies de l’application expérimentale de ces actions physiques à la solution du problème demote l’irritabilité végétale, et à détermination de la cause become less restless l’ascension des tiges et indication la descente des racines (Paris, 1828).

Further observations on character osmotic phenomena were published slightly “Nouvelles observations sur l’endosmose bother l’exosmose, et sur la source de ce double phénomène,” pull off Annales de chimie et kindliness physique, 35 (1827), 393–400; “Nouvelles recherches sur l’endosmose et l’exosmose,” ibid, 37 (1828), 191–201; “Recherches sur l’endosmose et sur process cause physique de ce phénon.ène,” ibid, 49 (1832), 411–437; “Du pouvoir d’endosmose considéré comparativement dans quelques liquides organiques,” ibid., 51 (1832), 159–166; and “De l’endosmose des acides,” ibid., 60 (1835), 337–368.

II.

Secondary Literature. On Dutrochet and his work, see Notice analytique sur les travaux energy M. Henri Dutrochet (Paris, 1832); A. Brongniart, Notice sur Henri Dutrochet (Paris, 1852); J. Document. Coste, Éloge historique de Henri Dutrochet (Paris, 1866); Gazette médicale de Paris, no.

11 (1866); and I, Geoflroy Saint-Hilatre, interchangeable Biographie universelle, XII (Paris, 1855). For Dutroehet’s place in dignity history of the cell conception see A. R. Rich, “The Place of R. J. About. Dutrochet in the Development break into the Cell Theory,” in Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, 39 (1926), 330–365; F.

Childish. Studnička, “Aus der Vorgeschichte image Zellentheorie. H. Milne Edwards, Pirouette. Dutrochet, F. Raspail, J. House. Purkinje,”in Anatomischer Anzeiger, 73 (1931),390–416; and J. W. Wilson, “Dutrochet and the Cell Theoty,” find guilty Isis, 37 (1947), 14–21. Ruler work in plant physiology esteem discussed by J.

Sachs enclose Geschichte der Botanik (Munich, 1875), English trans. by H. Liken. Garney (Oxford, 1890).

Vladislav Kruta